Gjuha Shqipe - Dokumente të shkruara dhe libra

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"Meshari" i Gjon Buzukut

Eqrem Çabej, në
"Meshari" i Gjon Buzukut (1555),
Instituti i historisë e i gjuhësisë,
Tiranë, 1968

"Ky më i pari monument i literaturës shqiptare që dihet gjer më sot, pat rënë në më se tre shekuj e gjysmë të harresës e që përshkuar nëpër peripeti të shumëllojshme, gjersa u zbulua perfundimisht e u bë prona e botës shkencore.
Peshkopi i Arbëreshvet të Siqelisë Imzot Pal Skiròi, gjurmues e studiues i teksteve të vjetra të shqipes (1866-1941), që në vitet e para të këtij shekulli iu vu gjurmimit të kësaj vepre në Biblioteken Vatikane. Kërkimevet që u bënë atje u detyrohet që më 1909 u gjet kjo mënëfund n'atë qendër studimesh."

Pasthënia e Mesharit

U Donih Gjoni, biri hi Bdek(1) Buzukut, tue u kujtuom(2) shumë herë se gluha jonëh nuk kish gjaa të endigluom(3) ensëh shkruomit shenjtë(4), ensëh dashunit(5) sëh botësë sanëh desha dhe u fëdigunëh(7) për saa mujtah meh zdritunë pak mendetë e atyneh qi t'eh endiglonjinëh(.
E u'maa duotëh enbaronj veprënë teme. Endëh vjetët MDLIV njëhzet dit endëh mara zuna enfiill e enbarova endeh vjetët MDLV, endëh kallënduor V dit(9). E seh për fat nëh keshë kun enbëh endonjë vend fëjyem(10) u duoh tuk të jetëh fajtëh, aih qi tëh jetë maa hi ditëshin seh u' atah fajh u lus tah tajtojnëh(11) endë e mirë.
Përseh nukë çuditem seh në paça fëjyem, këjo tueh klenëh maa e para vepër e fort e fështirëh për tëh vepëruom ëmbëh gluhët tanëh(12). Përseh ata qi shtamponjijnëh, kishinëh të madheh fëdigë e aqë nuk mund e qëllonjinë(13), se fajh të mos banjinë përseh përherë ëndajh tah nukë mundëh jeshëh u' tueh enbajtunëh njëh klishëh enbëh dyy anët mëh duhee mer shërbyem(14).
E tash enfalëh gjithëveh e lutëni Zotnë ende për mua.

*) Ky fragment është marrë nga pasthënia e veprës së Buzukut. Në dallim nga tri dokumentët e para të shkruara në gjuhën shqipe, që ishin fjalë, fjali e fragmente të shkëputura, vepra e Buzukut është libri i parë i shkruar në gjuhën shqipe që njohim deri sot. Autori gjakovar, Gjon Kazazi, që e zbuloi i pari më 1740, kishte kopjuar një copë rituali e ia dërgoi në shenjë nderimi themeluesit të Seminarit Arbëresh të Palermos. Më vonë, peshkopi arbëresh i Sicilisë, Pal Skiroi (1866-1941), e rizbuloi më 1909 dhe nxori një fotokopje të të gjithë tekstit, bëri një studim për të, por nuk arriti ta botonte.
Një botim shkencor të plotë të veprës, të shoqëruar me një studim për gjuhën e Buzukut, e bëri gjuhëtari ynë i njohur Eqrem Çabej (1968).

1) Bdek - Benedekt
2) tue kujtuom - duke kujtuar, duke sjellë në mend
3) të endigluom - që dëgjohet (kuptohet)
4) ensëh shkruomit shenjtë - prej shkrimit të shenjtë, prej librave fetarë
5) ensëh dashunit - prej dashurisë
6) botësë sanëh - gjindjes, popullit tonë
7) me u fëdigunëh - mundur, lodhur
Në këta rreshta bie në sy jo vetëm qëllimi patriotik, por edhe
thjeshtësia e sinqeriteti me të cilët u drejtohet Buzuku lexuesve.
9) Duke u bazuar në këto data (autori shkruan me numra romakë), është pranuar nga të gjithë se vepra është botuar më 1555, megjithëse autori thotë "Tani unë dua ta përfundoj veprën time... e nisa me 20 mars 1554 dhe e mbarova me 5 janar 1555".
10) fëjyem - gabuar
11) tah trajtonjëh - ta ndreqë, ta rregullojë
Edhe një herë dukët thjeshtësia e autorit kur u kërkon ndjesë lexuesve për ndonjë gabim që mund të ketë shpëtuar, dhe u lutet që ku të jetë, ta ndreqin.
12) Nga ky pohim i autorit kuptohet se ai nuk njeh ndonjë vepër
tjetër të shkruar në gjuhën shqipe, prandaj është i ndrojtur
e nuk ka fort besim në punën e tij.
13) nuk mund e qëllonjinë - nuk mund ta qëllonin pa gabime, nuk
mund të mos e bënin pa gabime
14) Me këtë autori do të shfajsohet para lexuesit për gabimet që
mund të ketë vepra: se "ata qi shtamponjinë kishnë të madhe
fedigë" dhe ai s'mund t'u qëndronte gjithmonë pranë, sepse
mbante një "klishë" (kishë) dhe i duhej të shërbente në të dy
anët

Bibliografia e gjuhes shqipe nga Shqiptaret dhe te huajt.

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Albanesische Studien. (Albanian studies.)
Gustav Meyer. In: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Proceedings of the Philosophical-Historical Section of the Imperial Academy of Sciences). Vienna: C. Sohn, 1883-97; vol. 104, p. 257-362; vol. 107, p. 259-338; vol. 125, p. 1-93; vol. 132, p. 1-127; vol. 134, p. 1-106; and vol. 136, p. 1-114.
These are highly specialized professional philological papers presented by the author at the conferences of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna. The 19th-century German philologist, Gustav Meyer, is amongst the founders of Albanological studies, and his work remains a valuable source. In this extensive study he provides information on noun plural formations, numerals, the basic treatment of Albanian comparative phonology, an edited version of Kavalliotis' Greek-South Romanian-Albanian dictionary and some useful dialect texts. In his essay 'Über Sprache und Literatur der Albanesen' (On the language and literature of the Albanians) in chapter three of his Essays und Studien zur Sprachgeschichte und Volkskunde (Essays and studies on philosophy and ethnology) (Berlin: R. Oppenheim, 1885, p. 49-50), Meyer demonstrates that Albanian derives from ancient Illyrian, an independent member of the Indo-German language family. Although it escaped Romanization, the distinct influence of Latin is evident in its vocabulary and grammar. Slavic words remain in all dialects from the time of Serb and Bulgar domination. Except for a brief period under Skanderbeg, the Albanians lived for two thousand years under foreign rule in their own country or abroad, and their different dialects have borrowed from Turkish, Greek or Italian. The author depicts the Albanians as a nation of warriors, who spent half a lifetime as mercenaries abroad and failed to produce a literature. Only the Italian Albanians, descendants from 15th-century settlers, exhibited a literary inclination. What literature there was consisted mainly of the transcription of folk songs and ballads depicting heroic and erotic themes. He disputes Lord Byron's depiction in 'Childe Harold' of Albanian warriors as noble, loyal and trustworthy. The lack of a common alphabet and written language has hindered the development of national unity: Meyer favoured, for standard usage, the adoption of the Latin alphabet with diacritical signs for distinct Albanian sounds, pioneered by Kristoforidhi of Elbasan. See also Meyer's Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache (Etymological dictionary of the Albanian language) (Strassburg, Germany [Strasbourg, France]: K. J. Trübner, 1891. 526p.).

Albanesische Texte mit Glossar. (Albanian texts with glossary.)
Holger Pedersen. Leipzig, Germany: S. Hirzel, 1895. 207p.
Pedersen's analysis (in German) of the southernmost Tosk dialect, on the Greek-Albanian border, has long been an important reference for Western scholars of the early factual knowledge of spoken Albanian. For translations of the texts (also in German), see Pederson's Zur albaneisichen Volkskunde (Albanian ethnography) (Copenhagen: S. Michaelsens Nachf. [E. Móller], 1898. 125p.).

Albanian.
Eric Pratt Hamp. In: Indo-European numerals. Edited by Jadranka Gvozdanovic. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992, p. 835-921. (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs, no. 57).
This chapter comprises a part of the culmination of forty years of research on Albanian historical linguistics with many insights on the language as a whole. Hamp (born 1920) explains that Albanian numerals are more like nouns than verbs or adjectives. He lists fifteen Geg dialect varieties, for which he has recorded numerals, and twenty-seven Tosk, noting that this is not a complete listing.

Albanian.
Eric Pratt Hamp. In: Linguistics in Western Europe. Edited by Thomas Albert Sebeck. The Hague: Mouton, 1972, p. 1,626-92. bibliog. (Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 9).
Hamp, of the University of Chicago, discusses the study of the Albanian language and Albanology, within and outside Albania. There is reference to the many sources where one may find the origins of foreign loanwords from Latin, Greek, Germanic, Slavic, Iranian, Hungarian, Romanian and Turkish (about which he comments that very little has been written) languages. He posits 'an old underlying expression(një) glühëshqipe meaning "a language of (clear) pronounciation/enunciation" ' (p. 1,663). Hamp provides an extensive bibliography.

Albanian and Messapic.
Eric Pratt Hamp. In: Studies presented to Joshua Whatmough on his sixtieth birthday. Edited by Ernst Pulgram. The Hague: Mouton, 1957, p. 73-89.
Compares the Albanian and Messapic languages, Messapic being the language of an Illyrian tribe who inhabited southern Italy (Apulia and Calabria) in ancient times. Hamp concludes that 'there can be no doubt that Messapic and Illyrian are sister languages' (p. 74) and takes his stand firmly on 'the specific kinship of Albanian and Illyro-Messapic' (p. 89).

The Albanian language and a pronunciation guide.
Henry Davis. Albanian Life, issue no. 56, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1994), p. 18-20.
Provides a brief outline of the language and its history and a simple explanation of pronunciation and use of the definite and indefinite article.

Albanisch. (Albanian.)
Norbert Jokl. In: Die Erforschung der indogermanischen Sprachen (Geschichte der indogermanischen Sprachwissenschaft seit ihrer Begründung durch Franz Bopp) (The exploration of Indo-Germanic languages [the history of Indo-Germanic philology since its establishment by Franz Bopp]). Edited by W. Streitberg. Strassburg, Germany [Strasbourg, France]: Karl J. Trübner, 1917, vol. 3, p. 109-54.
Jokl's scholarly study covers the origins and written records of the language, the provenance of the Albanians, Balkan relations, dialects, etymology, historical phonology, morphology and syntax. For details of Jokl's other writings, see the obituary published by C. Tagliavini in Indogermanisches Jahrbuch (vol. 28 [1949], p. 296-301).

Armenian and Albanian.
Frederik Kortlandt. In: La place de l'arménien dans les langues indo-européennes (The place of Armenian in Indo-European languages). Edited by Maurice Leroy, Francine Mawet. Louvain, Belgium: Aedibus Peeters, 1986, p. 38-47. bibliog. (Royal Belgian Academy, Classe des Lettres, vol. 3).
Supplements Gustav Meyer's work of the 19th century which had previously been the only relevant source. Kortlandt reconsiders his own earlier thesis of the development of Albanian and Armenian from contiguous Indo-European dialects, constituting a link between Balto-Slavic on the one hand and Greek on the other, in response to M. E. Huld's Basic Albanian etymologies (Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers, 1984. 213p.), with which he has some disagreements.

Bref aperçu des emprunts turcs à l'albanais. (A brief outline of Turkish loanwords in Albanian.)
Anton Krajni. Studia Albanica, vol. 3, no. 2 (1966), p.85-96.
This study (in French) is concerned with words in the Albanian language which have been borrowed from Turkish.

Clause structure and v-movement in the languages of the Balkans.
Maria Luisa Rivero. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol. 12, no. 1 (1994), p. 63-120.
Demonstrates in considerable detail shared clause structures between the Albanian, Bulgarian, Modern Greek and Romanian languages.

The coding of linguistic ideology in Arvanitika (Albanian) language shift: congruent and contradictory discourse.
Lukas D. Tsitsipis. Anthropological Linguistics, vol. 37, no. 4 (Winter 1995), p. 541-77. bibliog.
Tsitsipis, of the Aristotle University in Thessalonika, discusses Arvanítika, a dialect of Tosk Albanian spoken in Greece, now undergoing attrition in favour of Greek, and the sociocultural and political context of language shift. Tsitsipis lists five other articles of his own on related subjects.

Drejtshkrimi i gjuhës shqipe. (Orthography of the Albanian language.)
Edited by Androkli Kostallari, Mahir Domi, Eqrem Çabej, Emil Lafe. Tirana: Academy of Sciences, 1973. 323p.
This volume (in Albanian) contains the full decisions of the Congress of Orthography held in Tirana in November 1972, which agreed on the standardization of the Albanian language in both Albania and Yugoslavia. It covers the correct spelling of words (including Albanicized foreign words), grammatical rules (including a valuable section on the correct use of the prepositional particle), the use of capital letters, syllabification and the writing of dates. There is a complete index of the words cited as examples in the text.

Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian.
Victor A. Friedman. In: The linguistic coding of epistemology. Edited by Johanna Nicols, Wallace Chafe. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex, 1986, p. 168-87. (Advances in Discourse Processes Series, vol. 20).
Friedman uses Roman Jakobson's definition of 'evidential' as a tentative label for a verbal category which indicates the source of the information on which the speaker's statement is based, as well as the speaker's attitude to the information. In discussing the Albanian 'admirative mood', the author explains that it may be used not only to express surprise, but also irony, doubt or reportedness (p. 180); Albanian has a rule of sequence of tenses for ordinary reported speech very much like that of English.

A few remarks relative to the origin of the name Tiranë, Tirane, Albania's capital.
S. Sophie Juka. East European Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1 (March 1986), p. 99-106.
Refutes the popular explanation that Tirana takes its name from Teheran, put forward, the author tells us, in most recent encyclopaedias, by Jules Alexandre Théodore Degrand (q.v.), French consul in Shkodra at the turn of the 20th century, and by Mary Edith Durham. Research into older documents apparently disproves the theory and replaces it with others.

The history of the Albanian alphabet: a case of complex cultural and political development.
Stavro Skendi. Südost-Forschungen, vol. 19 (1960), p. 263-84.
Examines the considerably handicapped development of the Albanian alphabet, paying particular attention to the Congress of Monastir (1908), and its intimate connections with the movement for national independence (1830-1912). Skendi outlines the inhibiting effect of the Turkish prohibition of teaching in Albanian in schools until 1912. He concludes that 'the history of the Albanian alphabet is in essence the history of the Albanian people' (p. 284), an important aspect of Albanian cultural revival.

Hydronymica Albanica: a survey of river names in Albania.
Robert Elsie. Zeitshrift für Balkanologie, vol. 30, no. 1 (1994), p. 1-46. bibliog.
Elsie cites the German linguist, Franz Bopp (1791-1867), as the first to recognize the Indo-European roots of the Albanian language, commenting that it 'has been something of nightmare for diachronic linguists and Indo-Europeanists' (p. 1). Since hydronyms (names of bodies of water) are particularly resistant to change they therefore provide the most reliable evidence of linguistic history, enhanced, by 'invading tribes [who] always had the presence of mind to inquire about the name of a river before slaughtering the indigenous inhabitants on its banks'. Elsie gives an alphabetical list of 282 river names in Albania, with locations and village toponyms where relevant, in order to facilitate 'a more objective consideration of their significance' (p. 2) and finds that thirty për cent of the names seem primarily related to Albanian roots or lexemes and twenty six për cent to Slavic. The map section of his bibliography contains thirteen items.

Linguistisch-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen aus dem Bereiche des albanischen. (Studies in Albanian linguistic and cultural history.)
Norbert Jokl. Berlin; Leipzig, Germany: W. de Gruyter, 1923. 366p. (Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft, .
Includes extensive but dispersed discussion of historical phonology and morphology. Jokl demonstrates how Albanian cultural history is reflected in the language.

Nominalisierung und verbale Einbettung in Varietäten des Albanischen: eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der albanischen Schriftsprache am Beispiel erweiterter Verbalprädikate auf areallinguistischem Hintergrund. (Nominalization and verbal embedding in varieties of Albanian: an inquiry into the history of the Albanian literary language exemplified by extended verbal predicates in the background context of area linguistics.)
Armin Hetzer. Berlin; Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1995. 297p. bibliog. (Osteuropa-Institut der Freien Universität Berlin Balkanologische veröffentlichungen, vol. 2.
A clear, well documented reference work (in German). Hetzer first describes the south European linguistic area, emphasizing its continuity from the south Slavic- to the Greek-language region. He uses the approach of generative grammar, with excellent illustrative examples, diagrams, tabulations and extensive bibliography.

Peripheral Latinity in Albanian.
Michael R. Dilts. Romance Philology, vol. 31, no. 2 (Nov. 1977), p. 283-98.
This article, by an Albanologist of the Universities of California and Harvard, reviews the influence of Latin upon Albanian, and estimates that there are some 600 Albanian words of Romance origin.

The politics of language in socialist Albania.
Arshi Pipa. Boulder, Colorado: Columbia University Press, New York, 1989. 283p. bibliog. (East European Monographs, no. 271).
Spurred by Croatian demands for the recognition of their language and the lively debates surrounding these, Pipa studies the parallels with his native dialect (Geg) and what he claims to be its subordination to Tosk in the Unified Literary Albanian (ULA). Pipa explores many theories on the origins of the languages, their structural differences, and uses substantial evidence to show that Geg is the richer language in a wide variety of areas. There is a table and explanation of the composition of the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania, showing eighty-four Tosk-speaking members to fifteen Geg-speaking at seven congresses. There are also sections on the Toskicization of the Geg lexicon and phraseology. Similar theories are discussed in connection with both Stalin and N. Y. Marr concerning the racial character of Western linguistics, which is seen as serving the cause of Western imperialism. Pipa concludes that ULA is 'a Stalin-Marr compound, of the type of gjysmënjeri ''half-man" and gjysmëkalë "half-horse", the two halves put together resulting in a centaur'. Other maps. diagrams and tables further elucidate the arguments
. See also Peter Prifti's 'A commentary on Prof. Pipa's critique of Unified Literary Albanian' (Albanica, no. 3-4 [Winter 1992], p. 153-64).

Proto-Albanian and the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Albanian nation.
Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak. Bulletin de la Société Polonaise de Linguistique, vol. 50 (1994), p. 21-26. bibliog.
Witczak's novel thesis is that Albanians are the descendants of the Bessan population and that their language is a continuation of Bessan, spoken by a Paleo-Balkanic tribe whose ancient language was the only one (except Greek and Balkanic Latin), documented by written sources, to have survived the Slav invasion in the 6th century.

Selection among alternates in language standardization: the case of Albanian.
Janet L. Byron. The Hague: Mouton, 1976. 158p. 8 maps. bibliog.
Discusses the social, historical and linguistic criteria which have determined the standardization of languages, with particular attention to the process of standardization of Albanian from 1944 onwards. The author attributes the predominance of the southern Tosk dialect in standardized Albanian to the fact that the majority of the 'élite'—that is, the leaders of the Party of Labour of Albania—came from the south. However, she admits that 'not every feature of Tosk has been standardized; (there are) cases where Tosk was deliberately by-passed, largely on grounds of clarity' (p. 143). See also Byron's 'Language planning in Albania and in Albanian-speaking Yugoslavia' (Word, vol. 30, no. 102 [1979], p. 15-44).

Studime gjuhësore. (Linguistic studies.)
Eqrem Çabej. Prishtina, Yugoslavia: Rilindja, 1975-77. 6 vols.
This collection of linguistic writings (in Albanian) comprises studies on: the etymology of the Albanian language (vols. I and 2); the history of the language (vols. 3 and 4); folklore and literature (vol. 5); and Gjon Buzuku, the 16th-century author of the first known Albanian book, and his language (vol. 6).

Der türkische Einfluss auf das Albanische. (Turkish influence on the Albanian language.)
Norbert Boretzky. Weisbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975. 2 vols. (Albanische Forschungen, nos. 11 and 12).
Boretzky's important work (in German) provides in volume one a complete linguistic analysis (phonology and morphology) of Turkisms in Albanian. Volume two contains dictionaries of Turkisms in five Albanian dialects (from Drenica, Presheva, Zadrima, Dibra and Çamëria) and an index of Balkan Turkish dialect words.

Why Albanian-Greeks are not Albanians: language shift in Attica and Biotia.
P. Trudgill, G. A. Tzavaras. In: Language. ethnicity and intergroup relations. Edited by Howard Giles. London; New York; San Francisco: Academic Press, 1977, p. 172-84.
Claiming that a simple equation of ethnic and language group membership is far from adequate, the authors discuss the bilingual situation currently obtaining in the Attica and Biotia areas of Greece. Under discussion is a rural population of around 140,000 in a number of villages whose fluency in Greek has ensured their assimilation into Greek culture. With the use of tables, it is clearly shown that it is only those aged over sixty years who wish to retain the use of Arvanftika (the Albanian dialect close to Tosk spoken in southern Albania). Youngér people perceive its use as backward, old-fashioned and unsophisticated. For more on this subtle persecution and assimilation, see Kostas Kazazis' 'Greek and Arvanitika in Corinthia' (Balkanistics, no. 3 [1976], p. 42-51).

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Gjuha Shqipe - Dokumente të shkruara dhe libra

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